High-Risk Factors

INTERVENTION

HIGH-RISK FACTORS

Resources

Bone mineral density screening

Bone density should be screened in postmenopausal women younger than 65 years if any of the following risk factors are noted: medical history of a fragility fracture; body weight less than 127 lb; medical causes of bone loss (medications or diseases); parental medical history of hip fracture; current smoker; alcoholism; or rheumatoid arthritis.

Practice Bulletin #129: Osteoporosis

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Screening for Osteoporosis

Breast self-examination

Women who are estimated to have a lifetime risk of breast cancer of 20% or greater, based on risk models that rely largely on family history, but who are either untested or test negative for BRCA gene mutations

Women who test positive for BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. Women who have first-degree relatives with these mutations but who are untested are generally managed as if they carry these mutations until their BRCA status is known.

 Women with a personal history of high-risk breast biopsy results, including atypical hyperplasia and lobular carcinoma in situ

Practice Bulletin #122: Breast Cancer Screening

Practice Bulletin #103: Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome

Colorectal Cancer Screening

Colorectal cancer or adenomatous polyps in first-degree relative younger than age 60 years or in two or more first-degree relatives of any ages; family history  of familial adenomatous polyposis or hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer; history of colorectal  cancer, adenomatous polyps, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic ulcerative colitis, or Crohn disease

Committee Opinion #482: Colonoscopy and Colorectal Cancer Screening Strategies

Screening and surveillance for the early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, 2008: a joint guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology

Diphtheria and reduced tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine

Health-care personnel should administer a dose of Tdap during each pregnancy irrespective of the patient’s prior history of receiving Tdap.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:

Updated Tdap Vaccine Recommendations from the ACIP, 2010

Preventing Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis Among Adolescents: Use of Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid and Acellular Pertussis Vaccines 

Preventing Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis Among Adults: Use of Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid and Acellular Pertussis Vaccines

Updated Recommendations for Use of Tdap in Pregnant Women and Persons Who Have or Anticipate Having Close Contact with an Infant Aged <12 Months -- ACIP, 2011  

Current CDC immunization schedules

Diabetes testing

Overweight (Body Mass Index greater than or equal to 25); first-degree relative with diabetes mellitus; habitual physical inactivity; high-risk race or ethnicity (eg, African American, Latina, Native American, Asian American, Pacific Islander); have given birth to a  newborn weighing more than 9 lb or have a history of gestational diabetes mellitus; hypertension; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level less than 35 mg/dL; triglyceride level greater than 250 mg/dL; history of impaired glucose tolerance or impaired  fasting glucose; polycystic ovary syndrome; history  of vascular disease; other clinical conditions associated with insulin resistance

Committee Opinion #435: Postpartum Screening for Abnormal Glucose Tolerance in Women Who Had Gestational Diabetes

Fluoride supplementation

Live in area with inadequate water fluoridation (less than 0.7 ppm)

Genetic testing/counseling

Considering pregnancy and patient, partner, or family member with history of genetic disorder or birth defect; exposure to teratogens; or African, Cajun, Caucasian, European, Eastern European (Ashkenazi) Jewish, French Canadian, Mediterranean, or Southeast Asian ancestry

Committee Opinion #486: Update on Carrier Screening for Cystic Fibrosis

Committee Opinion #442: Preconception and Prenatal Carrier Screening for Genetic Diseases in Individuals of Eastern European Jewish Descent 

Committee Opinion #410: Ethical Issues in Genetic Testing

Hemoglobin level assessment

Caribbean, Latin American, Asian, Mediterranean, or African ancestry; history of excessive menstrual flow

Hepatitis A vaccination

Persons who use injection or noninjection illicit drugs; persons working with HAV-infected primates or with HAV in a research laboratory setting; persons with chronic liver disease and persons who receive clotting factor concentrates; persons traveling to or working in countries that have high or intermediate endemicity of hepatitis A; and unvaccinated persons who anticipate close personal contact (e.g., household or regular babysitting) with an international adoptee during the first 60 days after arrival in the United States from a country with high or intermediate endemicity.

Current CDC immunization schedules

Hepatitis B vaccination

Sexually active persons who are not in a long-term, mutually monogamous relationship (e.g., persons with more than one sex partner during the previous 6 months); persons seeking evaluation or treatment for a sexually transmitted disease (STD); current or recent injection-drug users; health-care personnel and public-safety workers who are potentially exposed to blood or other infectious body fluids; persons with diabetes younger than age 60 years as soon as feasible after diagnosis; persons with diabetes who are age 60 years or older at the discretion of the treating clinician based on increased need for assisted blood glucose monitoring in long-term care facilities, likelihood of acquiring hepatitis B infection, its complications or chronic sequelae, and likelihood of immune response to vaccination; persons with end-stage renal disease, including patients receiving hemodialysis; persons with HIV infection; and persons with chronic liver disease; household contacts and sex partners of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive persons; clients and staff members of institutions for persons with developmental disabilities; and international travelers to countries with high or intermediate prevalence of chronic HBV infection; and all adults in the following settings: STD treatment facilities; HIV testing and treatment facilities; facilities providing drug-abuse treatment and prevention services; health-care settings targeting services to injection-drug; correctional facilities; end-stage renal disease programs and facilities for chronic hemodialysis patients; and institutions and nonresidential daycare facilities for persons with developmental disabilities.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:

 Hepatitis B Vaccination of Infants, Children, and Adolescents (ACIP Recommendations)

Hepatitis C testing

All persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, history of injecting illegal drugs, recipients of  clotting factor concentrates before 1987, chronic (long-term) hemodialysis, persistently abnormal alanine aminotransferase levels, recipients of blood from donors who later tested positive for hepatitis C virus infection, recipients of blood or blood-component transfusion or organ transplant before July 1992, occupational percutaneous or mucosal exposure to hepatitis C virus-positive blood

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:

Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2010

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing

More than one sexual partner since most recent HIV test or a sexual partner with more than one sexual partner since most recent HIV test, have received a diagnosis of another sexually transmitted infection in the past year, drug use by injection, history of prostitution, past or present  sexual partner who is HIV positive or injects drugs, long-term residence or birth in an area with high prevalence of HIV infection, history of transfusion from 1978 to 1985, invasive cervical cancer, adolescent entering detention facilities. Recommend to women seeking preconception evaluation.

Committee Opinion #536: Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Women of Color 

Committee Opinion #411 Routine Human Immunodeficiency Virus Screening 

Lipid profile assessment

Family history suggestive  of familial hyperlipidemia; family history of premature cardiovascular disease (age younger than 50 years for men, age younger than 60 years for women); previous personal history of coronary heart disease or noncoronary atherosclerosis (eg, abdominal aortic aneurysm, peripheral artery disease, carotid artery stenosis); obesity (body mass index greater than 30); personal and/or family history of peripheral vascular disease; diabetes mellitus; multiple coronary heart disease risk factors (eg, tobacco use, hypertension)

Mammography

Women who have had breast cancer or who have a first-degree relative or multiple other relatives who have a history of premenopausal breast or breast and ovarian cancers, women who test positive for BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, women who received thoracic irradiation (typically as a treatment for lymphoma) between the ages 10 years and 30 years, women with a personal history of high-risk breast biopsy results, including atypical hyperplasia and lobular carcinoma in situ

Practice Bulletin #122: Breast Cancer Screening

Meningococcal vaccination

Adults with anatomic or functional asplenia or terminal complement component deficiencies, first-year college students living in dormitories,  microbiologists routinely exposed to Neisseria  meningitides isolates, military recruits, travel to  hyperendemic or epidemic areas

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:

Prevention and Control of Meningococcal Disease

Updated Recommendations for Use of Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccines -- ACIP, 2010

Current CDC immunization schedules

Measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccination

Adults born in 1957 or later should be offered  vaccination (one dose of MMR) if there is no proof of immunity or documentation of a dose given after first birthday; individuals vaccinated in 1963–1967 should be offered revaccination (two doses); health care workers, students entering college, international travelers, and rubella-negative postpartum patients should be offered a second dose.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:

MMR -- Vaccine Use and Strategies for Elimination of Measles, Rubella, and Congenital Rubella Syndrome and Control of Mumps

Current CDC immunization schedules

Pneumococcal vaccination

Chronic illness, such as cardiovascular disease,  pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, chronic liver disease, cerebrospinal fluid leaks,  Hodgkin disease, lymphoma, leukemia, kidney  failure, multiple myeloma, nephrotic syndrome, functional asplenia (eg, sickle cell disease) or splenectomy; exposure to an environment where pneumococcal outbreaks have occurred; immunocompromised patients (eg, human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]  infection, hematologic or solid malignancies, chemotherapy, steroid therapy); Alaskan Natives and certain Native American populations. Revaccination after 5 years may be appropriate for certain high-risk groups.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:

Updated Recommendations for Prevention of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Among Adults Using the 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (PPSV23)

Current CDC immunization schedules

Rubella titer assessment

Childbearing age and no evidence of immunity

Current CDC immunization schedules

Sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing

History of multiple sexual partners or a sexual partner with multiple contacts; sexual contact with individuals with culture-proven STI; history of repeated episodes of STIs; attendance at clinics for STIs; chlamydia: Women older than age 25 years with risk factors (new sexual partner or multiple sexual partners); other asymptomatic women at high risk for infection; syphilis: Sexually active adolescents who exchange sex for drugs or money, use intravenous drugs, are entering a detention facility, or live in a high-prevalence area

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:

Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2010

Thyroid-stimulating hormone testing

Strong family history of thyroid disease; autoimmune disease (evidence of subclinical hypothyroidism may be related to unfavorable lipid profiles)

Tuberculosis skin testing

Human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection; close contact with individuals known or suspected to have tuberculosis; medical risk factors known to increase risk of disease if infected; born in country with high tuberculosis prevalence; medically underserved; low income; alcoholism; intravenous drug use; resident of long-term care facility (eg, correctional institutions, mental institutions, nursing homes and facilities); health professional working in high-risk health care facilities; recent tuberculin skin test converter (individuals with baseline testing results who have an increase of 10 mm or more in the size of the tuberculin skin test reaction within a 2-year period); radiographic evidence of prior healed tuberculosis

Varicella vaccination

Students in all grade levels, and persons attending college or other postsecondary educational institutions; susceptible persons who have close contact with persons at high risk for serious complications, including health care workers; household contacts of immunocompromised individuals; teachers; day care workers; residents and staff of institutional settings, colleges, prisons, or military installations; adolescents and adults living in households with children; international travelers

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:

Prevention of Varicella

Current CDC immunization schedules